How is psychological dependence defined?

Psychological dependence refers to the emotional and cognitive aspects of addiction, primarily characterized by an individual's strong desire or craving to use a substance to fulfill emotional needs or cope with psychological stressors. This craving can lead to compulsive use despite negative consequences, as the individual relies on the substance for emotional relief, pleasure, or escape from reality.

In the context of the other choices, physical symptoms upon discontinuation are indicative of physical dependence rather than psychological dependence. The need for larger doses to achieve effect reflects a tolerance that can accompany both physical and psychological dependence, but it doesn’t specifically define psychological dependence. Lastly, the adaptation of the liver to a drug pertains to the metabolic processes involved with substance use and is a factor related to physiology rather than the psychological aspects of addiction. Thus, the emphasis on emotional reasons in defining psychological dependence aligns precisely with the understanding of how substance use can be driven by psychological needs.